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completed part 2 implementing gradient descent

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Daniel Tomlinson
2019-07-20 23:21:32 +01:00
parent 1c8aec47c2
commit 08463c5d0b
15 changed files with 1685 additions and 411 deletions
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python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Backpropagation/__pycache__/data_prep.cpython-37.pyc Normal file
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python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Backpropagation/backprop.py Normal file
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import numpy as np
def sigmoid(x):
"""
Calculate sigmoid
"""
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
x = np.array([0.5, 0.1, -0.2])
target = 0.6
learnrate = 0.5
weights_input_hidden = np.array([[0.5, -0.6],
[0.1, -0.2],
[0.1, 0.7]])
weights_hidden_output = np.array([0.1, -0.3])
# Forward pass
hidden_layer_input = np.dot(x, weights_input_hidden)
hidden_layer_output = sigmoid(hidden_layer_input)
output_layer_in = np.dot(hidden_layer_output, weights_hidden_output)
output = sigmoid(output_layer_in)
# Backwards pass
# TODO: Calculate output error
error = target - output
# TODO: Calculate error term for output layer
output_error_term = error * output * (1 - output)
# TODO: Calculate error term for hidden layer
hidden_error_term = np.dot(output_error_term, weights_hidden_output
* hidden_layer_output * (1 - hidden_layer_output))
# TODO: Calculate change in weights for hidden layer to output layer
delta_w_h_o = learnrate * output_error_term * hidden_layer_output
# TODO: Calculate change in weights for input layer to hidden layer
delta_w_i_h = learnrate * hidden_error_term * x[:, None]
print('Change in weights for hidden layer to output layer:')
print(delta_w_h_o)
print('Change in weights for input layer to hidden layer:')
print(delta_w_i_h)

78
python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Backpropagation/backprop1.py Normal file
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import numpy as np
from data_prep import features, targets, features_test, targets_test
np.random.seed(21)
def sigmoid(x):
"""
Calculate sigmoid
"""
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
# Hyperparameters
n_hidden = 2 # number of hidden units
epochs = 900
learnrate = 0.005
n_records, n_features = features.shape
last_loss = None
# Initialize weights
weights_input_hidden = np.random.normal(scale=1 / n_features ** .5,
size=(n_features, n_hidden))
weights_hidden_output = np.random.normal(scale=1 / n_features ** .5,
size=n_hidden)
for e in range(epochs):
del_w_input_hidden = np.zeros(weights_input_hidden.shape)
del_w_hidden_output = np.zeros(weights_hidden_output.shape)
for x, y in zip(features.values, targets):
## Forward pass ##
# TODO: Calculate the output
hidden_input = np.dot(x, weights_input_hidden)
hidden_output = sigmoid(hidden_input)
output = sigmoid(np.dot(hidden_output, weights_hidden_output))
## Backward pass ##
# TODO: Calculate the network's prediction error
error = y - output
# TODO: Calculate error term for the output unit
output_error_term = error * output * (1 - output)
# propagate errors to hidden layer
# TODO: Calculate the hidden layer's contribution to the error
hidden_error = np.dot(output_error_term, weights_hidden_output)
# TODO: Calculate the error term for the hidden layer
hidden_error_term = hidden_error * hidden_output * (1 - hidden_output)
# TODO: Update the change in weights
del_w_hidden_output += output_error_term * hidden_output
del_w_input_hidden += hidden_error_term * x[:, None]
# TODO: Update weights (don't forget to division by n_records or number of samples)
weights_input_hidden += learnrate * del_w_input_hidden / n_records
weights_hidden_output += learnrate * del_w_hidden_output / n_records
# Printing out the mean square error on the training set
if e % (epochs / 10) == 0:
hidden_output = sigmoid(np.dot(x, weights_input_hidden))
out = sigmoid(np.dot(hidden_output,
weights_hidden_output))
loss = np.mean((out - targets) ** 2)
if last_loss and last_loss < loss:
print("Train loss: ", loss, " WARNING - Loss Increasing")
else:
print("Train loss: ", loss)
last_loss = loss
# Calculate accuracy on test data
hidden = sigmoid(np.dot(features_test, weights_input_hidden))
out = sigmoid(np.dot(hidden, weights_hidden_output))
predictions = out > 0.5
accuracy = np.mean(predictions == targets_test)
print("Prediction accuracy: {:.3f}".format(accuracy))

401
python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Backpropagation/binary.csv Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
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255 1 540 3.55 4
256 1 740 3.52 4
257 0 640 3.35 3
258 1 520 3.3 2
259 1 620 3.95 3
260 0 520 3.51 2
261 0 640 3.81 2
262 0 680 3.11 2
263 0 440 3.15 2
264 1 520 3.19 3
265 1 620 3.95 3
266 1 520 3.9 3
267 0 380 3.34 3
268 0 560 3.24 4
269 1 600 3.64 3
270 1 680 3.46 2
271 0 500 2.81 3
272 1 640 3.95 2
273 0 540 3.33 3
274 1 680 3.67 2
275 0 660 3.32 1
276 0 520 3.12 2
277 1 600 2.98 2
278 0 460 3.77 3
279 1 580 3.58 1
280 1 680 3 4
281 1 660 3.14 2
282 0 660 3.94 2
283 0 360 3.27 3
284 0 660 3.45 4
285 0 520 3.1 4
286 1 440 3.39 2
287 0 600 3.31 4
288 1 800 3.22 1
289 1 660 3.7 4
290 0 800 3.15 4
291 0 420 2.26 4
292 1 620 3.45 2
293 0 800 2.78 2
294 0 680 3.7 2
295 0 800 3.97 1
296 0 480 2.55 1
297 0 520 3.25 3
298 0 560 3.16 1
299 0 460 3.07 2
300 0 540 3.5 2
301 0 720 3.4 3
302 0 640 3.3 2
303 1 660 3.6 3
304 1 400 3.15 2
305 1 680 3.98 2
306 0 220 2.83 3
307 0 580 3.46 4
308 1 540 3.17 1
309 0 580 3.51 2
310 0 540 3.13 2
311 0 440 2.98 3
312 0 560 4 3
313 0 660 3.67 2
314 0 660 3.77 3
315 1 520 3.65 4
316 0 540 3.46 4
317 1 300 2.84 2
318 1 340 3 2
319 1 780 3.63 4
320 1 480 3.71 4
321 0 540 3.28 1
322 0 460 3.14 3
323 0 460 3.58 2
324 0 500 3.01 4
325 0 420 2.69 2
326 0 520 2.7 3
327 0 680 3.9 1
328 0 680 3.31 2
329 1 560 3.48 2
330 0 580 3.34 2
331 0 500 2.93 4
332 0 740 4 3
333 0 660 3.59 3
334 0 420 2.96 1
335 0 560 3.43 3
336 1 460 3.64 3
337 1 620 3.71 1
338 0 520 3.15 3
339 0 620 3.09 4
340 0 540 3.2 1
341 1 660 3.47 3
342 0 500 3.23 4
343 1 560 2.65 3
344 0 500 3.95 4
345 0 580 3.06 2
346 0 520 3.35 3
347 0 500 3.03 3
348 0 600 3.35 2
349 0 580 3.8 2
350 0 400 3.36 2
351 0 620 2.85 2
352 1 780 4 2
353 0 620 3.43 3
354 1 580 3.12 3
355 0 700 3.52 2
356 1 540 3.78 2
357 1 760 2.81 1
358 0 700 3.27 2
359 0 720 3.31 1
360 1 560 3.69 3
361 0 720 3.94 3
362 1 520 4 1
363 1 540 3.49 1
364 0 680 3.14 2
365 0 460 3.44 2
366 1 560 3.36 1
367 0 480 2.78 3
368 0 460 2.93 3
369 0 620 3.63 3
370 0 580 4 1
371 0 800 3.89 2
372 1 540 3.77 2
373 1 680 3.76 3
374 1 680 2.42 1
375 1 620 3.37 1
376 0 560 3.78 2
377 0 560 3.49 4
378 0 620 3.63 2
379 1 800 4 2
380 0 640 3.12 3
381 0 540 2.7 2
382 0 700 3.65 2
383 1 540 3.49 2
384 0 540 3.51 2
385 0 660 4 1
386 1 480 2.62 2
387 0 420 3.02 1
388 1 740 3.86 2
389 0 580 3.36 2
390 0 640 3.17 2
391 0 640 3.51 2
392 1 800 3.05 2
393 1 660 3.88 2
394 1 600 3.38 3
395 1 620 3.75 2
396 1 460 3.99 3
397 0 620 4 2
398 0 560 3.04 3
399 0 460 2.63 2
400 0 700 3.65 2
401 0 600 3.89 3

22
python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Backpropagation/data_prep.py Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
admissions = pd.read_csv('binary.csv')
# Make dummy variables for rank
data = pd.concat([admissions, pd.get_dummies(admissions['rank'], prefix='rank')], axis=1)
data = data.drop('rank', axis=1)
# Standarize features
for field in ['gre', 'gpa']:
mean, std = data[field].mean(), data[field].std()
data.loc[:,field] = (data[field]-mean)/std
# Split off random 10% of the data for testing
np.random.seed(21)
sample = np.random.choice(data.index, size=int(len(data)*0.9), replace=False)
data, test_data = data.ix[sample], data.drop(sample)
# Split into features and targets
features, targets = data.drop('admit', axis=1), data['admit']
features_test, targets_test = test_data.drop('admit', axis=1), test_data['admit']

24
python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Multilayer Perceptron/data_prep.py Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
admissions = pd.read_csv('binary.csv')
# Make dummy variables for rank
data = pd.concat([admissions, pd.get_dummies(
admissions['rank'], prefix='rank')], axis=1)
data = data.drop('rank', axis=1)
# Standarize features
for field in ['gre', 'gpa']:
mean, std = data[field].mean(), data[field].std()
data.loc[:, field] = (data[field] - mean) / std
# Split off random 10% of the data for testing
np.random.seed(42)
sample = np.random.choice(data.index, size=int(len(data) * 0.9), replace=False)
data, test_data = data.ix[sample], data.drop(sample)
# Split into features and targets
features, targets = data.drop('admit', axis=1), data['admit']
features_test, targets_test = test_data.drop(
'admit', axis=1), test_data['admit']

56
python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Multilayer Perceptron/gradient.py Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
import numpy as np
def sigmoid(x):
"""
Calculate sigmoid
"""
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
def sigmoid_prime(x):
"""
# Derivative of the sigmoid function
"""
return sigmoid(x) * (1 - sigmoid(x))
learnrate = 0.5
x = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
y = np.array(0.5)
# Initial weights
w = np.array([0.5, -0.5, 0.3, 0.1])
# Calculate one gradient descent step for each weight
# Note: Some steps have been consolidated, so there are
# fewer variable names than in the above sample code
# TODO: Calculate the node's linear combination of inputs and weights
h = np.dot(x, w)
# TODO: Calculate output of neural network (y hat)
nn_output = sigmoid(h)
# TODO: Calculate error of neural network (y - y hat)
error = y - nn_output
# TODO: Calculate the error term
# Remember, this requires the output gradient, which we haven't
# specifically added a variable for.
error_term = error * sigmoid_prime(h)
# Note: The sigmoid_prime function calculates sigmoid(h) twice,
# but you've already calculated it once. You can make this
# code more efficient by calculating the derivative directly
# rather than calling sigmoid_prime, like this:
# error_term = error * nn_output * (1 - nn_output)
# TODO: Calculate change in weights
del_w = learnrate * error_term * x
print('Neural Network output:')
print(nn_output)
print('Amount of Error:')
print(error)
print('Change in Weights:')
print(del_w)

71
python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Multilayer Perceptron/gradient_2.py Normal file
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import numpy as np
from data_prep import features, targets, features_test, targets_test
def sigmoid(x):
"""
Calculate sigmoid
"""
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
# TODO: We haven't provided the sigmoid_prime function like we did in
# the previous lesson to encourage you to come up with a more
# efficient solution. If you need a hint, check out the comments
# in solution.py from the previous lecture.
# Use to same seed to make debugging easier
np.random.seed(42)
n_records, n_features = features.shape
last_loss = None
# Initialize weights
weights = np.random.normal(scale=1 / n_features**.5, size=n_features)
# Neural Network hyperparameters
epochs = 1000
learnrate = 0.5
for e in range(epochs):
del_w = np.zeros(weights.shape)
for x, y in zip(features.values, targets):
# Loop through all records, x is the input, y is the target
# Note: We haven't included the h variable from the previous
# lesson. You can add it if you want, or you can calculate
# the h together with the output
# TODO: Calculate the output (y hat)
output = sigmoid(np.dot(x, weights))
# TODO: Calculate the error
error = y - output
# TODO: Calculate the error term
error_term = error * output * (1 - output)
# TODO: Calculate the change in weights for this sample
# and add it to the total weight change
del_w += error_term * x
# TODO: Update weights using the learning rate and the average change in
# weights
weights += learnrate * del_w / n_records
# Printing out the mean square error on the training set
if e % (epochs / 10) == 0:
out = sigmoid(np.dot(features, weights))
loss = np.mean((out - targets) ** 2)
if last_loss and last_loss < loss:
print("Train loss: ", loss, " WARNING - Loss Increasing")
else:
print("Train loss: ", loss)
last_loss = loss
# Calculate accuracy on test data
tes_out = sigmoid(np.dot(features_test, weights))
predictions = tes_out > 0.5
accuracy = np.mean(predictions == targets_test)
print("Prediction accuracy: {:.3f}".format(accuracy))

38
python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Multilayer Perceptron/multilayer.py Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
import numpy as np
def sigmoid(x):
"""
Calculate sigmoid
"""
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
# Network size
N_input = 4
N_hidden = 3
N_output = 2
np.random.seed(42)
# Make some fake data
X = np.random.randn(4)
weights_input_to_hidden = np.random.normal(
0, scale=0.1, size=(N_input, N_hidden))
weights_hidden_to_output = np.random.normal(
0, scale=0.1, size=(N_hidden, N_output))
# TODO: Make a forward pass through the network
hidden_layer_in = np.dot(X, weights_input_to_hidden)
hidden_layer_out = sigmoid(hidden_layer_in)
print('Hidden-layer Output:')
print(hidden_layer_out)
output_layer_in = np.dot(hidden_layer_out, weights_hidden_to_output)
output_layer_out = sigmoid(output_layer_in)
print('Output-layer Output:')
print(output_layer_out)

401
python/Deep Learning/Implementing Gradient Descent/Single Perceptron/binary.csv Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
admit,gre,gpa,rank
0,380,3.61,3
1,660,3.67,3
1,800,4,1
1,640,3.19,4
0,520,2.93,4
1,760,3,2
1,560,2.98,1
0,400,3.08,2
1,540,3.39,3
0,700,3.92,2
0,800,4,4
0,440,3.22,1
1,760,4,1
0,700,3.08,2
1,700,4,1
0,480,3.44,3
0,780,3.87,4
0,360,2.56,3
0,800,3.75,2
1,540,3.81,1
0,500,3.17,3
1,660,3.63,2
0,600,2.82,4
0,680,3.19,4
1,760,3.35,2
1,800,3.66,1
1,620,3.61,1
1,520,3.74,4
1,780,3.22,2
0,520,3.29,1
0,540,3.78,4
0,760,3.35,3
0,600,3.4,3
1,800,4,3
0,360,3.14,1
0,400,3.05,2
0,580,3.25,1
0,520,2.9,3
1,500,3.13,2
1,520,2.68,3
0,560,2.42,2
1,580,3.32,2
1,600,3.15,2
0,500,3.31,3
0,700,2.94,2
1,460,3.45,3
1,580,3.46,2
0,500,2.97,4
0,440,2.48,4
0,400,3.35,3
0,640,3.86,3
0,440,3.13,4
0,740,3.37,4
1,680,3.27,2
0,660,3.34,3
1,740,4,3
0,560,3.19,3
0,380,2.94,3
0,400,3.65,2
0,600,2.82,4
1,620,3.18,2
0,560,3.32,4
0,640,3.67,3
1,680,3.85,3
0,580,4,3
0,600,3.59,2
0,740,3.62,4
0,620,3.3,1
0,580,3.69,1
0,800,3.73,1
0,640,4,3
0,300,2.92,4
0,480,3.39,4
0,580,4,2
0,720,3.45,4
0,720,4,3
0,560,3.36,3
1,800,4,3
0,540,3.12,1
1,620,4,1
0,700,2.9,4
0,620,3.07,2
0,500,2.71,2
0,380,2.91,4
1,500,3.6,3
0,520,2.98,2
0,600,3.32,2
0,600,3.48,2
0,700,3.28,1
1,660,4,2
0,700,3.83,2
1,720,3.64,1
0,800,3.9,2
0,580,2.93,2
1,660,3.44,2
0,660,3.33,2
0,640,3.52,4
0,480,3.57,2
0,700,2.88,2
0,400,3.31,3
0,340,3.15,3
0,580,3.57,3
0,380,3.33,4
0,540,3.94,3
1,660,3.95,2
1,740,2.97,2
1,700,3.56,1
0,480,3.13,2
0,400,2.93,3
0,480,3.45,2
0,680,3.08,4
0,420,3.41,4
0,360,3,3
0,600,3.22,1
0,720,3.84,3
0,620,3.99,3
1,440,3.45,2
0,700,3.72,2
1,800,3.7,1
0,340,2.92,3
1,520,3.74,2
1,480,2.67,2
0,520,2.85,3
0,500,2.98,3
0,720,3.88,3
0,540,3.38,4
1,600,3.54,1
0,740,3.74,4
0,540,3.19,2
0,460,3.15,4
1,620,3.17,2
0,640,2.79,2
0,580,3.4,2
0,500,3.08,3
0,560,2.95,2
0,500,3.57,3
0,560,3.33,4
0,700,4,3
0,620,3.4,2
1,600,3.58,1
0,640,3.93,2
1,700,3.52,4
0,620,3.94,4
0,580,3.4,3
0,580,3.4,4
0,380,3.43,3
0,480,3.4,2
0,560,2.71,3
1,480,2.91,1
0,740,3.31,1
1,800,3.74,1
0,400,3.38,2
1,640,3.94,2
0,580,3.46,3
0,620,3.69,3
1,580,2.86,4
0,560,2.52,2
1,480,3.58,1
0,660,3.49,2
0,700,3.82,3
0,600,3.13,2
0,640,3.5,2
1,700,3.56,2
0,520,2.73,2
0,580,3.3,2
0,700,4,1
0,440,3.24,4
0,720,3.77,3
0,500,4,3
0,600,3.62,3
0,400,3.51,3
0,540,2.81,3
0,680,3.48,3
1,800,3.43,2
0,500,3.53,4
1,620,3.37,2
0,520,2.62,2
1,620,3.23,3
0,620,3.33,3
0,300,3.01,3
0,620,3.78,3
0,500,3.88,4
0,700,4,2
1,540,3.84,2
0,500,2.79,4
0,800,3.6,2
0,560,3.61,3
0,580,2.88,2
0,560,3.07,2
0,500,3.35,2
1,640,2.94,2
0,800,3.54,3
0,640,3.76,3
0,380,3.59,4
1,600,3.47,2
0,560,3.59,2
0,660,3.07,3
1,400,3.23,4
0,600,3.63,3
0,580,3.77,4
0,800,3.31,3
1,580,3.2,2
1,700,4,1
0,420,3.92,4
1,600,3.89,1
1,780,3.8,3
0,740,3.54,1
1,640,3.63,1
0,540,3.16,3
0,580,3.5,2
0,740,3.34,4
0,580,3.02,2
0,460,2.87,2
0,640,3.38,3
1,600,3.56,2
1,660,2.91,3
0,340,2.9,1
1,460,3.64,1
0,460,2.98,1
1,560,3.59,2
0,540,3.28,3
0,680,3.99,3
1,480,3.02,1
0,800,3.47,3
0,800,2.9,2
1,720,3.5,3
0,620,3.58,2
0,540,3.02,4
0,480,3.43,2
1,720,3.42,2
0,580,3.29,4
0,600,3.28,3
0,380,3.38,2
0,420,2.67,3
1,800,3.53,1
0,620,3.05,2
1,660,3.49,2
0,480,4,2
0,500,2.86,4
0,700,3.45,3
0,440,2.76,2
1,520,3.81,1
1,680,2.96,3
0,620,3.22,2
0,540,3.04,1
0,800,3.91,3
0,680,3.34,2
0,440,3.17,2
0,680,3.64,3
0,640,3.73,3
0,660,3.31,4
0,620,3.21,4
1,520,4,2
1,540,3.55,4
1,740,3.52,4
0,640,3.35,3
1,520,3.3,2
1,620,3.95,3
0,520,3.51,2
0,640,3.81,2
0,680,3.11,2
0,440,3.15,2
1,520,3.19,3
1,620,3.95,3
1,520,3.9,3
0,380,3.34,3
0,560,3.24,4
1,600,3.64,3
1,680,3.46,2
0,500,2.81,3
1,640,3.95,2
0,540,3.33,3
1,680,3.67,2
0,660,3.32,1
0,520,3.12,2
1,600,2.98,2
0,460,3.77,3
1,580,3.58,1
1,680,3,4
1,660,3.14,2
0,660,3.94,2
0,360,3.27,3
0,660,3.45,4
0,520,3.1,4
1,440,3.39,2
0,600,3.31,4
1,800,3.22,1
1,660,3.7,4
0,800,3.15,4
0,420,2.26,4
1,620,3.45,2
0,800,2.78,2
0,680,3.7,2
0,800,3.97,1
0,480,2.55,1
0,520,3.25,3
0,560,3.16,1
0,460,3.07,2
0,540,3.5,2
0,720,3.4,3
0,640,3.3,2
1,660,3.6,3
1,400,3.15,2
1,680,3.98,2
0,220,2.83,3
0,580,3.46,4
1,540,3.17,1
0,580,3.51,2
0,540,3.13,2
0,440,2.98,3
0,560,4,3
0,660,3.67,2
0,660,3.77,3
1,520,3.65,4
0,540,3.46,4
1,300,2.84,2
1,340,3,2
1,780,3.63,4
1,480,3.71,4
0,540,3.28,1
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0,460,3.58,2
0,500,3.01,4
0,420,2.69,2
0,520,2.7,3
0,680,3.9,1
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1,560,3.48,2
0,580,3.34,2
0,500,2.93,4
0,740,4,3
0,660,3.59,3
0,420,2.96,1
0,560,3.43,3
1,460,3.64,3
1,620,3.71,1
0,520,3.15,3
0,620,3.09,4
0,540,3.2,1
1,660,3.47,3
0,500,3.23,4
1,560,2.65,3
0,500,3.95,4
0,580,3.06,2
0,520,3.35,3
0,500,3.03,3
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0,580,3.8,2
0,400,3.36,2
0,620,2.85,2
1,780,4,2
0,620,3.43,3
1,580,3.12,3
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0,720,3.94,3
1,520,4,1
1,540,3.49,1
0,680,3.14,2
0,460,3.44,2
1,560,3.36,1
0,480,2.78,3
0,460,2.93,3
0,620,3.63,3
0,580,4,1
0,800,3.89,2
1,540,3.77,2
1,680,3.76,3
1,680,2.42,1
1,620,3.37,1
0,560,3.78,2
0,560,3.49,4
0,620,3.63,2
1,800,4,2
0,640,3.12,3
0,540,2.7,2
0,700,3.65,2
1,540,3.49,2
0,540,3.51,2
0,660,4,1
1,480,2.62,2
0,420,3.02,1
1,740,3.86,2
0,580,3.36,2
0,640,3.17,2
0,640,3.51,2
1,800,3.05,2
1,660,3.88,2
1,600,3.38,3
1,620,3.75,2
1,460,3.99,3
0,620,4,2
0,560,3.04,3
0,460,2.63,2
0,700,3.65,2
0,600,3.89,3
1 admit gre gpa rank
2 0 380 3.61 3
3 1 660 3.67 3
4 1 800 4 1
5 1 640 3.19 4
6 0 520 2.93 4
7 1 760 3 2
8 1 560 2.98 1
9 0 400 3.08 2
10 1 540 3.39 3
11 0 700 3.92 2
12 0 800 4 4
13 0 440 3.22 1
14 1 760 4 1
15 0 700 3.08 2
16 1 700 4 1
17 0 480 3.44 3
18 0 780 3.87 4
19 0 360 2.56 3
20 0 800 3.75 2
21 1 540 3.81 1
22 0 500 3.17 3
23 1 660 3.63 2
24 0 600 2.82 4
25 0 680 3.19 4
26 1 760 3.35 2
27 1 800 3.66 1
28 1 620 3.61 1
29 1 520 3.74 4
30 1 780 3.22 2
31 0 520 3.29 1
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import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
admissions = pd.read_csv('binary.csv')
# Make dummy variables for rank
data = pd.concat([admissions, pd.get_dummies(
admissions['rank'], prefix='rank')], axis=1)
data = data.drop('rank', axis=1)
# Standarize features
for field in ['gre', 'gpa']:
mean, std = data[field].mean(), data[field].std()
data.loc[:, field] = (data[field] - mean) / std
# Split off random 10% of the data for testing
np.random.seed(42)
sample = np.random.choice(data.index, size=int(len(data) * 0.9), replace=False)
data, test_data = data.ix[sample], data.drop(sample)
# Split into features and targets
features, targets = data.drop('admit', axis=1), data['admit']
features_test, targets_test = test_data.drop(
'admit', axis=1), test_data['admit']

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import numpy as np
from data_prep import features, targets, features_test, targets_test
def sigmoid(x):
"""
Calculate sigmoid
"""
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))
# TODO: We haven't provided the sigmoid_prime function like we did in
# the previous lesson to encourage you to come up with a more
# efficient solution. If you need a hint, check out the comments
# in solution.py from the previous lecture.
# Use to same seed to make debugging easier
np.random.seed(42)
n_records, n_features = features.shape
last_loss = None
# Initialize weights
weights = np.random.normal(scale=1 / n_features**.5, size=n_features)
# Neural Network hyperparameters
epochs = 1000
learnrate = 0.5
for e in range(epochs):
del_w = np.zeros(weights.shape)
for x, y in zip(features.values, targets):
# Loop through all records, x is the input, y is the target
# Note: We haven't included the h variable from the previous
# lesson. You can add it if you want, or you can calculate
# the h together with the output
# TODO: Calculate the output (y hat)
output = sigmoid(np.dot(x, weights))
# TODO: Calculate the error
error = y - output
# TODO: Calculate the error term
error_term = error * output * (1 - output)
# TODO: Calculate the change in weights for this sample
# and add it to the total weight change
del_w += error_term * x
# TODO: Update weights using the learning rate and the average change in
# weights
weights += learnrate * del_w / n_records
# Printing out the mean square error on the training set
if e % (epochs / 10) == 0:
out = sigmoid(np.dot(features, weights))
loss = np.mean((out - targets) ** 2)
if last_loss and last_loss < loss:
print("Train loss: ", loss, " WARNING - Loss Increasing")
else:
print("Train loss: ", loss)
last_loss = loss
# Calculate accuracy on test data
tes_out = sigmoid(np.dot(features_test, weights))
predictions = tes_out > 0.5
accuracy = np.mean(predictions == targets_test)
print("Prediction accuracy: {:.3f}".format(accuracy))

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